Letter from a Birmingham Jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter from a Birmingham Jail - Essay Example King gave bits and pieces of the letter to his attorneys to take back to movement’s head office, where Reverend Walker started putting together and editing the legendary jigsaw puzzle. Martin Luther King's letter is a statement put out by eight white Birmingham clergymen on April 12, 1963, known as "A Call for Unity". King composed this letter in reply to that statement. The clergymen concurred that social unfairness existed in the United States, but argued that the fight against racial discrimination should be fought only in the courts, and not in the streets. The clergymen condemned Martin Luther King, referring to King as an interloper who creates problems in the streets of Birmingham. In reply to this, Martin Luther King referred to his principle that all states, as well as communities, were interconnected. King wrote that injustice in any place is a threat to justice in every place. People are caught in an unavoidable system of mutuality, tied in one garment of fortune. A ccording to King, whatever concerns a person directly, concerns everybody indirectly. He said this to prove to the clergymen that anybody who resides inside the United States cannot be taken as an outsider. Martin Luther wanted to show his regrets about the protests that were taking place in Birmingham. He, however, felt that the African American people had no choice but to protest due to the way they were being oppressed by the whites. The clergymen, nevertheless, condemned the massive tension caused by the protests. In reply to this, Martin Luther King affirmed that he plus his fellow protestors were using peaceful actions so as to create tension that would put pressure on the wider society to face the matter head on. The protestors hoped to cause tension (King, 462). They hoped to create a non-violent tension that would lead to the development. This is as written down in King’s letter. King wanted to inform the clergymen that without peaceful forceful actions, proper civil rights could never be attained. The clergymen also condemned the timing of the protests. King, however, wanted to show the clergymen that they had waited long enough for these God given rights. Opposing the clergymen’s statement that the protest was against the law, King argued that not only was civil defiance justified in the face of undeserved laws but that everybody has a moral task of disobeying unfair laws. Luther’s letter contains the famous statement that stated inequality at any situation is a threat to impartiality everywhere (King, 462). Some of the various topics that King was trying to convey are: direct actions, civil rights as well as discrimination. According to King, direct action is a just form of political activism which seeks to remedy political, social as well as economic ills. Direct action is often urgent and challenging. It can contain such activities as workplace occupations, strikes, sit-ins, guerrilla warfare, and demonstrations among others (King, 462). Direct actions are sometimes a form of civil defiance and can contain illegal actions, but it is for the good of a society. King also wanted to show to people that racial discrimination is an ill-mannered culture and that everybody deserved to be treated equally. Finally, Martin Luther King was against deprivation of civil rights to the American citizens especially the African Ameri

Development of Internet Television Service

Development of Internet Television Service EXTENDED INTERNET USAGE 1. Introduction The first question that arises in our mind when we are talking about the internet is â€Å"What is Internet?†. So Internet is basically Network of computers that is connecting millions and millions of computers globally. Over the past 4 decades Internet has undergone a huge transformation from being used in academic research and moved into a broader platform of commercial usage. With each and every passing day Internet is turning into an indispensable and essential part of our life. With each and every step taken towards improvement of the internet every sphere of our life is directly getting affected; it is not only making our tasks much easier but also saving us a lot of time 2. Uses Of Internet 1. Communication (Fig-1): It is one best things that internet has introduced worldwide. It is very easy nowadays to communicate with people who are living very far away from us with ease. Earlier it was a very difficult task to accomplish; now we can directly chat with people very easily. Video Conferencing is making it easier for people actually see each other while talking. Fig-1 (Communication) Fig-2 (Research) 2. Research (Fig-2):Few decades whenever we had to do some research we had through hundreds of books to find something which is of relevance. Since internet came into being we can say that â€Å"everything is just a click away†. We can easily search our topic using several search engines available to us using internet thus saving us a lot of time. 3. Education (Fig-3): There are books, reference books, study materials, Web-help centers are available online which makes education an easy and interesting experience. Websites are available that can help you gain knowledge about everything without taking the help of any other individual. There are tutorials and even test series available in the internet so that one can test this knowledge. Fig-3 (Education) Fig-4 (Financial Transaction) 4. Financial Transactions (Fig-4): With the use of internet Financial transactions a have become a much easier task as it was few years ago. Now instead of physically being present in the bank, we can directly log into the bank website and with the help of the provided authentication documents by the bank. Once we are inside our account we can do any transaction at our will. We can also do fixed deposits and Guaranteed investment Schemes directly through our online account 5. Real time updated (Fig-5): Any kind of news updated or any other happening or decision taken in once part of the world is available to us real time using the internet. There are websites available online through which we can actually get updates about almost every field be it business, finance, sports, entertainment, politics, Railways and airplane tracking. Fig-5(Real time Updates) Fig-6(Leisure) 6. Leisure (Fig-6): From watching videos to listening to your favorite music, watching movies, playing games, chatting with friends and family; all these leisure activities we do in our free time are with the use of internet only. Whenever we get time we prefer doing activities in the internet which would help us relax. Internet is something which can help us freshen up our mood in few minutes. 7. Online booking (Fig-7): Online booking of airplane tickets, movie tickets, railway tickets are not only hassle free but also easier task to accomplish. Instead to standing in a queue for hours we can now directly book tickets through the internet using desired website. Thus, making this process a less tedious and more reliable job. Fig-7 (Online Booking) Fig-8 (Job Search) 8. Job Search (Fig-8): There are countless number of websites available in the internet that gives us the information about vacancies in various companies. Even online application for the positions available. Job portal websites once anyone gets registered with them they will send you mails mentioning openings as per choice. 9. Blogging (Fig-9): People nowadays are interested in writing blogs. They have the option of publicize their work and it can reach people who as looking for a similar topic to discuss about. There are a lot of website available which can be used to write a blog, only registration with the website is required. Really good blog writers are sometimes contacted by big organization to write a blog about them. Moreover using Google AdSense money can also be earned on per click basis. Fig-9 (Blogging)  Fig-10 (Shopping) 10. Shopping (Fig-10): Online shopping has become one of the most attractive thing to do in the internet. People don’t have to leave their home just open some websites, Browse through the website and order their desirable product. One of the advantages of online shopping is that everything is available in each and every website. The product is directly delivered to your home. Product can also be returned back to the vendor if it not of good quality. 3. Extended Internet Usage Now as we have seen some basic uses of the internet. Let us discuss some more advanced uses. Even though there many additional uses of internet but we are going discuss about 4 main topics in this research paper. IPTV: Internet protocol Television(IPTV) is an assembly in which Television services are distributed over an IP network in a digitized form. So we can say that it uses the existing broadband network to deliver us a TV service which is more reliable, efficient and data is 100% digital, thus improving the overall quality over an analogue TV VOIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol(VOIP) is a system in which voice conversation can be conveyed over the IP network. The end user in a VOIP network has the authority to make telephone calls over the Broadband network. The Network used in such type of connections can be through the internet which makes it global or Intranet which makes it local the Inside Network of the company. Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing is a process in which data is stored in a Large centralized server or data storage unit. Thus providing an online access to the stored data as per requirement of the end user. The data stored in the cloud not only is shared my multiple users at the same time but also can be reallocated as per demand of the end user. Thus reducing the storage, power and space of data by using the same data for multiple users. MIRACAST: Miracast is basically a HDMI based dongle which is used for live streaming of Video and Audio channel without using an Access point. So a device which uses a point to point network technology which allows different devices to connect to each other using Wi-fi direct thus allowing them to share live streamed data. Now we will have an in-depth discussion of each and every topic separately discussing about their architecture, functioning, advantages etc. 4. IPTV 4.1 Introduction IPTV is basically an internet based television service which uses networking and architecture methods of the IP system over a Packet switching network structure. IPTV has 3 main groups in which it can be classified Live Television Time-Shift Program Video on Demand IPTV uses a set-top box which uses a broadband IP data network to access channels, subscription services and other multimedia services over and safe and end to end network. IPTV services are sometimes bundled with internet access and VOIP services altogether over the same infrastructure. IPTV is not as simple as someone watching a video over the internet. IPTV connection to home provided by telecom companies uses optical fiber and digital subscriber lines (DSL) to set up a link towards a housing compound. For Cable operators they use a hybrid fiber co-axial (HFC) cable to provide a broadband connection to the subscriber. IPTV incorporates the procurement, processing and safe delivery of all video content over an IP based Setup. The service provider uses various other service providers like satellite TV carriers, cable TV carriers, Telephone companies and private network operators to bundle up a single service which is provided to the end user. Figure. 11 shows the basic block diagram for a simplified IPTV system      Fig-11(Simplified IPTV network) 4.2 Features of IPTV There are some notable features of IPTV listed below Interactive TV: Rather than providing a half-duplex connection of the rudimentary cable TV connection, IPTV delivers us a two-way connection thus providing us an interactive TV packaged with services like High definition TV(HDTV),interactive games, learning programs, High speed internet browsing many more. Time Shift: IPTV when bundled with a digital video recorder (DVR) provides the end user the capability to record programs as per his choice. Thus providing him an option to time shifting of programming content. There are service providers who provide 7 days’ worth of data to be recorded in the DVR. Personalization: Due to a full-duplex bi-directional connection between the service provider and the end user, personalization option of the set-top box is available. The user can personalize what to watch, when to watch as per his comfort. Low Bandwidth Requirement: IPTV technology allows the service provider to stream only one channel which the end user has demanded rather than delivering each and every channel subscribed by the user Thus allowing the service provider to conserve bandwidth and reducing cost. Accessible to Multiple Devices: End user have the option of using their mobile, computers laptops to access the IPTV services instead of using television. 4.3 Architecture of IPTV The diagram (Fig-12) given below shows us the architecture of IPTV Fig- 12-IPTV System Architecture The functional blocks of IPTV architecture is given below Super Head End: The channels from the national broadcasters enter the IPTV network from here. The content here is processed, prepared and stored for transmission. Core Network: IP/MPLS Network technologies are used for transporting the traffic and to gain access to the network. Access Network: IPTV data streams are distributed to the DSLAMs Regional Head End: All the area specific local content is added to the network here. End User Premises: This is the termination point for the IPTV data stream. All Data is viewed at the customer end here. One super head available in the network can be used to serve millions of customers in the network by processing the video channels common to end users across the whole area. The IPTV delivery system is constructed in such a way that it can cover a large expanse of territory over the hierarchy of structure built to deliver the video content. Offices are located in each territory which are specially constructed to handle area specific local program and channels. 4.4 IPTV Networking Technologies The diagram (Fig-13) shows the structure of IPTV and Standardization bodies Fig-13 (IPTV Activities standardization bodies) DLNA: Digital Living Network Alliance is used for setting up the home network. HGI: Home Gateway Initiative sets up the standard adjoining the gateway between end user home network and broadband connection ISMA: Internet Streaming Media Alliance sets up the broadcast of the AVC video over IP. DSL Forum: Digital Subscriber Line is used for remote-management of residential gateways and set-top boxes. ITU: International Telecommunication Union standardizes the Distribution and access network architecture. ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute standardizes the IP network used for transmission of the IPTV. ATIS: Automatic Terminal Information Service is standardizing the end to end IPTV architecture including contribution and distribution 4.5 Advantages of IPTV The signals which are used IPTV service s are 100% digital signals so better quality and easier to propagate. IPTV works on the existing internet connection, So if there is an available internet connection only the set-top box is needed to be installed and IPTV services can be used. IPTV services doesn’t require any kind of wires to get its signal. So a wireless system reduces the overhead of wires and wear tear of the wires with time. Programs can be stored in servers and can be viewed in accordance to the will of the end user thus providing flexibility. 5. VOIP 5.1 Introduction VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a process of communication in which the user can make telephone calls over the IP network. To transmit voice Signals/Conversation over the existing Data network (Wireless/Broadband) using Internet protocol VOIP is used. VOIP technology can be used over the internet as well as over the local intranet for communication within the company or special private network which are used specially for long distance calls.

The High Cost of Obesity :: Health

Today, as values of living continue to boost, weight increase and obesity are posing a rising threat to certain well-beings in countries all over the world. Obesity, now confirmed as a nationwide endemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is likely to get worse and amplify over time. â€Å"The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts there will be 2.3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese† (Obesity: in Statistics, 2008, 2nd Statement). It is definite that most kids are inclined to eat junk food, and it is certain that most kids will become overweight as adults. About 15% of children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years are overweight, which is an increase of 4% from the 1988-1994 NHANES study† (Chatterjee, Blakely, & Barton, 2005, p. 24). Statistics of obese persons in the United States alone are also greater in certain cultural and ethnic minority groups, especially African American and His panics. â€Å"Between 1986 and 1998, incidences of being overweight increased significantly among African American children by 21.5% and for Hispanic children by 21.8%. That is nearly almost  ¼ of the population! Among all low-income children, the prevalence of being overweight was found to be highest among Latino children by (12%) followed by Asian-Pacific Islander (9.6%), African American (7.8%) and Whites (7.1%)† (Chatterjee, Blakely, &Barton, 2005, p. 24,) â€Å"The total cost of obesity by some estimates is $100 billion annually. Others estimated the cost of health care for obesity alone is $70 billion† (Wellman, Friedberg, S705, 2002). Obesity and its economic costs stand on three levels. First, obesity can hurt a person financially, with doctor visits, and such. Secondly, obesity can cut into the costs of businesses (presuming the overweight are working, but they may not be, due to their state), due to lost efficiency. There is about 40 million workdays of productivity lost among overweight individuals. Other issues include non-attendance, underachievement, and raised insurance payments. (Wellman, Friedberg, 2002, p.705) Furthermore, being overweight has an effect on expenses by neighboring, state, and nationwide governments. Obesity is my topic of interest because as a future elementary teacher, I want to raise awareness of the consequences that obesity may have among children. I hope to teach all children the importance o f eating healthy so that they can become happy, healthy adults. Obesity is a huge problem that is strongly influenced by the sociological factors such media and the American culture. The High Cost of Obesity :: Health Today, as values of living continue to boost, weight increase and obesity are posing a rising threat to certain well-beings in countries all over the world. Obesity, now confirmed as a nationwide endemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is likely to get worse and amplify over time. â€Å"The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts there will be 2.3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese† (Obesity: in Statistics, 2008, 2nd Statement). It is definite that most kids are inclined to eat junk food, and it is certain that most kids will become overweight as adults. About 15% of children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years are overweight, which is an increase of 4% from the 1988-1994 NHANES study† (Chatterjee, Blakely, & Barton, 2005, p. 24). Statistics of obese persons in the United States alone are also greater in certain cultural and ethnic minority groups, especially African American and His panics. â€Å"Between 1986 and 1998, incidences of being overweight increased significantly among African American children by 21.5% and for Hispanic children by 21.8%. That is nearly almost  ¼ of the population! Among all low-income children, the prevalence of being overweight was found to be highest among Latino children by (12%) followed by Asian-Pacific Islander (9.6%), African American (7.8%) and Whites (7.1%)† (Chatterjee, Blakely, &Barton, 2005, p. 24,) â€Å"The total cost of obesity by some estimates is $100 billion annually. Others estimated the cost of health care for obesity alone is $70 billion† (Wellman, Friedberg, S705, 2002). Obesity and its economic costs stand on three levels. First, obesity can hurt a person financially, with doctor visits, and such. Secondly, obesity can cut into the costs of businesses (presuming the overweight are working, but they may not be, due to their state), due to lost efficiency. There is about 40 million workdays of productivity lost among overweight individuals. Other issues include non-attendance, underachievement, and raised insurance payments. (Wellman, Friedberg, 2002, p.705) Furthermore, being overweight has an effect on expenses by neighboring, state, and nationwide governments. Obesity is my topic of interest because as a future elementary teacher, I want to raise awareness of the consequences that obesity may have among children. I hope to teach all children the importance o f eating healthy so that they can become happy, healthy adults. Obesity is a huge problem that is strongly influenced by the sociological factors such media and the American culture.

Dumping in our Waters Essay

Water is probably one of the most important resources we have. People can survive without food for several weeks but without water we couldn’t live for more than a week. Millions of liters of water are needed every day worldwide for washing, irrigating crops, and cooling industrial processes, not to mention leisure industries such as swimming pools and water sports centers. (Internet Source) Despite our dependence on water, we use it as dumping ground for all sorts of waste, and do very little to protect the water supplies we have. There are several threats to our water resources. Oil spills kills thousands of seabirds and can wreck water desalination plants and industrial plants drawing their water from affected coastline. (EBSCO CD-ROM source) Poor management of existing water resource can lead to these resources running out or at least shrinking. Much of the pollution in the rivers and seas comes from chemicals, mainly from agriculture. Another pollution issue, which is not brought up often, is thermal pollution. As you can see we have many problems in our waters and we need to protect the waters. In the long run water pollution is going to harm us more than we now it, because a little bit of our ocean is dieing and sometime in the future its going to kills us. The thing that’s worries me the most is the animals. The animals in the ocean are dieing everyday in the ocean because of the bad pollution we have right now. Every year millions of animals dies because of the water pollution we have and 65% of the sea animal’s die because of the pollution. (Internet source) Companies, industries and people litter in our waters and for sure that is not a good thing. We need to learn that we are not going to live very long if we keep doing this. Every year it has gotten worse, the water pollution has gone about 3% every year and that a whole lot more litter and killing that we do. (Internet source) People like us cause water pollution. Dumping our trash into the ocean is one thing that causes this problem. Another is an oil tanker spilling oil in the ocean or not recycling our trash is seriously destroying the waters even more. The effect by all this water pollution is killing the waters but also a big part is killing our animals. Sea animals are very important to our lives. One of the main problems is the oils spill we have every year. People call this â€Å"oil slicks† a common name for oil spills. One of the hugest media surrounding oil spills was Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War. (Internet Source) He caused many oil spills during the war and that serious killed many of the animals in the ocean. Although measures have been taken to prevent spillage from oil tankers, there will still be accidents as the world use oil, and there is always the possibility of oil being spilled in war or by terrorist activity. (EBSCO CD-ROM source) Oil also gets into the sea from many other sources. On a graph 37% of oil pollution comes from industrial discharges and urban run-off. 33% from vessel operation, 12% on tanker accidents, 9% on atmosphere, 7% on natural sources, and last 2% from exploration production. (Internet source) Oil pollution is a major problem in water pollution and there is really no simple solution to this problem but what we can do is try to prevent, come up with ideas to stop the pollution and protect our waters. For many years has been used as coolant in industry, especially in power stations. It was never though of as a problem back in the day, because nothing was actually added to the water. However, higher temperatures can cause enzymes and microbes to speed up, and can eventually kill sea animals. Change in temperature can cause fish to migrate to regions where the water is best for them, but kill any species, which cannot move away. (Internet Source) Recently people have realized that only small changes in temperature are need to have considerable environment impact. One possible solution is to use the excess heat from industry to heat home. (Internet Source) In the book Water is everyone’s business it says this might sound very attractive but it is only practical when the homes are fairly close to the power station, and even promise cheap heating is not enough to persuade many people to live next door to a power station. (Behrman A.S. 121) This subject brings me up to my next one, which is a world without trout. If water temperatures keep rising such possibly thing might happen. Unless something is don trout and salmon will be eventually killed because of thermal pollution. The primary cause of this warming water trend and cold water fishery decline is by carbon dioxide. Although transportation produces whopping amounts of atmospheric pollution, fossil fueled power plants alone  generate 40% of the carbon dioxide in our air. Ways to prevent this is to find other sources to light up our houses. Now a days companies and industries have found other resources and it has been helping a little bit at a time. Last of all Drugs in the waters has cause many problems as well. Most drugs are in local streams, rivers, and perhaps even farms, as sewage bio solids used as fertilizer. Most drugs that are not used or have been used are being trashed in our oceans. Now what kind of people does that? This is serious is harming the waters, animals, and even us. Chemicals that come from drugs float around in the water and you don’t even now about this. How does that make you feel because, many people have gotten sick of this pollution and even died. If people have gotten sick of this it takes a while before it kicks in but for sure you get a good dose of sickness. This serious is a big problem that we can easily prevent. Its so simple just don’t trash the waters with the drugs, anywhere than the waters that we so need. This student from West Torrance high school sponsored a poll asking the students whether they think water pollution wills damage our ocean in the long run? 96% of the students think it would. The other question was do you think we should take care of the ocean more because of all the pollution? 87% of the students said yes and 13% said no. (Poll) This poll shows you that we should take care of our waters and think about what pollution is going to do to us in the long run. In conclusion all these problems that we have in the world should try to be prevented or stopped. We all can be a part of this by not littering because you really don’t now where that trash is going. Most of it goes to the ocean and it kills the waters. Slowly and slowly the waters are going to be destroyed and we really need it. Water is probably the most important that we need to live. Without water we would die, animals would die and everything would die. This essay should be consider by all of the people because in the long run we are not going to live very long if we still pollute the waters. We need water in many different ways and we cannot live without it. Also the animals that we have should not go through the pain of dieing because we are polluting the waters. They have not done anything to  us so we shouldn’t do anything to them. Prevent the water pollution in the world as little but as you can because you never now what possibilities it can do.

Globalization of Levi Strauss Essay

Globalization is a necessary evil that allows business to make huge profits and third-world countries to begin creating a free market economy. While it seems that globalization may be a solution to the problem of poverty and starvation for some people, it may also contribute to issues such as child labor, discrimination, exploitation and health and safety issues for people working in developing countries. Since U.S. laws do not apply to American companies operating in foreign countries, these companies have an ethical responsibility to create codes of conduct to govern the way they treat people and conduct business overseas. Levi Strauss & Co. has been a leader in corporate and social responsibility; the first multinational company to create a code of conduct for their international facilities, business partners and suppliers (History, 2009). Levi Strauss & Co. was founded in 1853, by a Levi Strauss, an immigrant from Bavaria and Jacob Davis, a tailor from Reno, Nevada. The two men patented the riveted-pocket work pants and began the multi-million dollar company that it is today. LS&Co. was developed on Levi Strauss’s high morals and values: empathy, originality, integrity and courage, and continues to operate under these core values today (History, 2009). The company is well known for its corporate social responsibility and has been recognized and rewarded for its ethical conduct. In 1965, as demands for the clothing began to grow world-wide, LS&Co. established Levi Strauss International and Levi Strauss Far East, allowing them to manufacture and sell products in Europe and Asia. In 1971, the company opened a facility in Japan, which became the company’s first official entry into Asia. Today, the company employs over 11,000 people around the world, with 4,700 employees in the Americas, 4,400 in Europe and 2,300 in Asia Pacific (History, 2009). While globalization increased profits for the company, ethical issues also began to become more evident. In order to uphold the values that the company was founded on, the company would have  to create ethical guidelines for international operations. In 1991, Levi Strauss & Co. was the first multi-national company to develop a code of ethics for its international business partners and suppliers. The Levi Strauss & Co. Global Sourcing Guidelines were designed to ensure that all LS&Co. facilities worldwide, as well as suppliers and business partners, conducted business in ethically and socially responsible ways (Solomon, 1996). Requiring their business partners and suppliers to follow the company code of conduct protected the employees in developing countries who could easily be exploited, and it protected the company’s reputation, which would also contribute to their success. This code of conduct was developed in order to avoid or eliminate some of the most common ethical dilemmas associated with globalization. In order to maintain contracts with LS&Co., suppliers agreed to provide workers with fair wages, a safe and healthy working environment and abide by the laws and regulations that govern the country and industry. Suppliers would also prohibit the use of child or forced labor, discrimination and forms of inhumane disciplinary practices (Solomon, 1996). While globalization helps developing countries to build free market economies, it also presents many ethical dilemmas, as huge companies profit from the desperate need for work in poor countries (Dickey, 2002). Since ethical issues can be viewed differently by different cultures, developing global business ethics can be difficult. For example, many western cultures may view child labor as a necessary, and accepted, source of income for many families, but many Americans and other western cultures see child labor as abuse. When Levi Strauss & Co. learned that two of its suppliers were using child labor in Bangladesh, they had a moral dilemma. The families of the working children relied heavily on their incomes, so firing them might create a major hardship on the children and their families, or even force the children to look for more inhumane sources of income, such as prostitution or begging (Solomon, 1996). LS&Co. looked for more creative ways to solve the problem, and came up with a solution that would benefit everyone. Their suppliers agreed to continue paying the children under age 14 while they attended school, and LS&Co. paid for tuition, books and  uniforms, then when the children turned 14, they could be rehired by the company (Solomon, 1996). This solution created no financial hardship for the children and families who would otherwise lose their income, and allowed them to receive an education, as children should. Levi Strauss & Co. has also faced other ethical issues overseas, and taken a responsible approach to resolving the problem. In 1998, for example, they decided to close the factories in Belgium, but worried that the loss of over 1,000 jobs might devastate the Belgian economy. In order to avoid financial hardship for the community, and stimulate employment, LS&Co. decided to pay each employee a farewell bonus of $13,201, and an additional $4,950 to all employees who found employment within four months. They also agreed to pay employees who decided to receive training instead of work $330 per month for six months, and employees who did not work received $90 per month for three years. Considering the average annual salary for Belgian workers was between $2,000 and $3,000, this bonus was more than fair to the employees who had been laid off. Levi Strauss & Co. continued to contribute to the Belgian economy to make sure that the market would remain stable and keep the unemployed from going into poverty (Bennett, 2008). That year, they contributed $78,560 to programs that encouraged education, training, workforce development, small businesses, life skills training and financial literacy to the Belgian economy, in the belief that â€Å"economic development extends beyond the workplace†¦and in order for an economy to thrive, the community must be able to support it† (Bennett, 2008, p.4). Levi Strauss & Co. has been a leader in corporate social responsibility and one of the first multi-national companies to develop a code of conduct for global business ethics. The company continues to demonstrate their values of empathy, originality, integrity and courage while operating in all countries, and requires the same of their suppliers and business partners. Their creative solutions to common ethical dilemmas in developing countries, such as child labor and layoffs, and their continued efforts to contribute to the economies of the developing countries they operate in, sets a powerful example for multinational corporations to follow. Even though globalization can provide an income for people who might otherwise starve to  death, it can also lead to ethical and moral problems such as child labor, low wages and hazardous working conditions. While it is not illegal, or unethical, for companies to operate overseas, they do have an ethical responsibility to deal with ethical dilemmas in a responsible and socially acceptable manner. References Bennett, D. (2008). Globalization and blue jeans. Retrieved May 21, 2010, from Associated Content: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/896109/globalization_and_blue_jeans.html?cat=17 Dickey, F. (2002). Levi Strauss and the price we pay. Retrieved May 22, 2010, from Mindfully.org: http://www.mindfully.org/WTO/Levi-Strauss-Globalization1dec02.htm History. (2009). Retrieved May 22, 2010, from Levi Strauss & Co.: http://www.levistrauss.co.za/Heritage/History.aspx Solomon, C. M. (1996). Put your ethics to a global test. Personnel Journal, 75(1). Human Resources Abstracts. Retrieved May 22, 2010 from EBSCOhost.

Free Essays on Reindeer And Engine

Reindeer and Engine is a poem from a collection of Josephine Jacobson’s work, ‘The Animal Inside’ (1966). The main theme of the poem is the image of a frantically running reindeer being chased by the blinding light of an engine along a forest track through the Finland winter. The first stanza of the poem begins with the image of the reindeer being chased down the railway track through the Finnish forest, fixed to the ‘great round eye’ of light at the front of the engine. At the fifth line of this stanza, as is the case in the other three stanzas, there is the repetition of ‘run run run run run’. This repetition helps communicate the frantic and panicky nature of the reindeer’s running, and increases the pace of the poem. The poem then goes on to possibly foresee the death of the reindeer before the beam of light that is the engine. The detail that states the reindeer will ‘not look back’ suggests that the reindeer is so fixated with its fear of the engine behind it, it cannot even turn around to view it’s oncoming presence. The second stanza continues this theme of impulsive running of the reindeer. The reindeer will not look aside or behind him, he’s so obsessed with the light chasing him. Here the poem begins to look at the binary oppositions between good and bad, and dark and light. However, whilst usually dark is associated with the negative and bad, and light with good, in Reindeer and Engine, the coupling is reversed (ie. the dark is associated with good). It is the ‘good dark’ of the ‘forests of winter’ as opposed the whitehot splinter of light through the head of the reindeer. The deepness and tallness of the black forest has on it’s own a eerie sort of connotation, but in the context of the poem represents the deepness of the safety the forest has. However, the reindeer is too fixated on the light ‘thrust through his brain’s nerve’, lodged like a splinter, to look away to see th... Free Essays on Reindeer And Engine Free Essays on Reindeer And Engine Reindeer and Engine is a poem from a collection of Josephine Jacobson’s work, ‘The Animal Inside’ (1966). The main theme of the poem is the image of a frantically running reindeer being chased by the blinding light of an engine along a forest track through the Finland winter. The first stanza of the poem begins with the image of the reindeer being chased down the railway track through the Finnish forest, fixed to the ‘great round eye’ of light at the front of the engine. At the fifth line of this stanza, as is the case in the other three stanzas, there is the repetition of ‘run run run run run’. This repetition helps communicate the frantic and panicky nature of the reindeer’s running, and increases the pace of the poem. The poem then goes on to possibly foresee the death of the reindeer before the beam of light that is the engine. The detail that states the reindeer will ‘not look back’ suggests that the reindeer is so fixated with its fear of the engine behind it, it cannot even turn around to view it’s oncoming presence. The second stanza continues this theme of impulsive running of the reindeer. The reindeer will not look aside or behind him, he’s so obsessed with the light chasing him. Here the poem begins to look at the binary oppositions between good and bad, and dark and light. However, whilst usually dark is associated with the negative and bad, and light with good, in Reindeer and Engine, the coupling is reversed (ie. the dark is associated with good). It is the ‘good dark’ of the ‘forests of winter’ as opposed the whitehot splinter of light through the head of the reindeer. The deepness and tallness of the black forest has on it’s own a eerie sort of connotation, but in the context of the poem represents the deepness of the safety the forest has. However, the reindeer is too fixated on the light ‘thrust through his brain’s nerve’, lodged like a splinter, to look away to see th...

10 Shelf-Sign Errors

10 Shelf-Sign Errors 10 Shelf-Sign Errors 10 Shelf-Sign Errors By Mark Nichol Errors on store signs are less egregious and more common than those on the products sold themselves, but one wonders, based on these photographs (and on the mistakes we see all the time while we’re shopping) if anybody who works in retail is paying any attention. Somehow, this rollback doesn’t seem like such a good deal. I assume the person who prepared the sign simply used the wrong currency symbol, and I assume store employees don’t ever look at the signs. This error rarely shows up in print or online, though redundant use of both dollars and the dollar sign (as in â€Å"He spent less than $500 dollars†) appears on occasion. What’s a flue shot? Getting ejected out of a chimney like a human cannonball? I’d pay twenty bucks for that as long as a parachute is included in the cost. The employee who typed this sign evidently didn’t have a 12-pack of â€Å"Genness† on hand for reference or maybe they did, and sampled some. No, thanks for some reason, I’m just not that hungry anymore. Now, that, on the other hand, I might just have to try. (What was on that employee’s mind?) The N key, you’ll note, is close to but not adjacent to the K key, so a simple slip of a finger didn’t cause this typo. I’ve been wondering what Dan Quayle is up to these days. Not only is potato misspelled, but salads has an extraneous apostrophe. Third offense: Why â€Å"potatoe salad† but â€Å"macaroni salad’s†? Make both salads singular, or make both plural, Dan. And the person who type’s these sign’s is misinformed about how to style plural’s. Stationary looks anything but it appears that the word (which should be spelled stationery in this sense) and flashlights are about to make a break for it. Just what, exactly, is a Skittles Theather Box? Presumably, theathering is involved. It appears that this shelf holds every type of movie-watching snack but Skittles, but whatever. The sign maker, and fellow Whole Foods employees, didn’t catch the dueling verbs at the beginning of the second line. As regular Daily Writing Tips readers are wont to remark, I make mistakes like this on occasion (despite reading posts aloud while I proof), but this error seems too obvious to overlook. And what’s up with â€Å"conventionally grown†? That’s an awkward counterpart to organic why would any self-respecting Whole Foods customer buy something conventional? These images are from the websites Apostrophe Abuse, English Fail Blog, GrammarBlog, The Great Typo Hunt, and Wordsplosion. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should Avoid16 Misquoted QuotationsHow to Write a Proposal

Aphrodite the Greek Love Goddess

Aphrodite the Greek Love Goddess Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love and beauty. She was the most beautiful of the goddesses but was married to the ugliest of the gods, the limp smithy Hephaestus. Aphrodite had many affairs with men, both human and divine, resulting in many children, including Eros, Anteros, Hymenaios, and Aeneas. Aglaea (Splendor), Euphrosyne (Mirth), and Thalia (Good Cheer), known collectively as The Graces, followed in the retinue of Aphrodite. The Birth of Aphrodite In one story of her birth, Aphrodite is said to have sprung from the foam that resulted from the severed testicles of Uranus. In another version of her birth, Aphrodite is said to be the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Cyprus and Cythera are claimed as her birthplace. The Origin of Aphrodite It is thought that the fertility goddess of the Near East was imported to Cyprus during the Mycenaean Era. Aphrodites main cult centers in Greece were in Cythera and Corinth. Aphrodite in the Trojan War Aphrodite is perhaps best known for her role in the Trojan War, especially, an event preceding it: the Judgment of Paris. Arrayed with the Trojans, during the Trojan War, as described in The Iliad, she received a wound, talked with Helen, and helped protect her favorite warriors. Aphrodite in Rome The Roman goddess Venus is thought of as the Roman equivalent of Aphrodite. Gods and Goddesses Index Pronunciation: \ËÅ'a-frÉ™-ˈdÄ «-tÄ“\ Also Known As:  Venus

Understanding and carrying out health related behavior change Essay

Understanding and carrying out health related behavior change - Essay Example Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. It is more accurate and private and the need to get quality feedback was the main reason for use of this method. The risks involved in this type of data analysis include the language barriers, as the natives were the target group. Financial problems and loss of contact between one group and another in form of communication were also reported. Use of different age and different ethnic groups together with relatives helped in reducing researcher bias. The data method was appropriate with the type of research conducted for this findings. The author identifies some difficulties encountered in the process of research such as language barrier and high cost condition to conduct the research. Data management practices included correlation and comparison with other journals from the internet and other sources. The findings did not address the whole purpose of the study since the study was restricted only the data was partially analyzed. Interpretations did not reflect the true findings even though reported change on healthy lifestyles was reported. Some of the variations were explained as the difference between men and women in Muslim religion and cultural beliefs on some types of food consumed. The findings came up with the information on beliefs and cultures on some food influence healthy development while the religion factor, e specially on women, also is different with other journals of research.

Improving our Enlisted Evaluation Process Essay

Improving our Enlisted Evaluation Process - Essay Example The participants were all employees of Edryn, with no biases or references towards race, gender, or nationality, and were directly surveyed so that no proxies were used. Observations were made from the primary research method only. The survey encompassed a total of fifty descriptive questions explicative of the participants' view on coworkers as a whole, citing relevance towards: 'Teamwork;' 'Measurement;' 'Training;' 'Customer satisfaction;' 'Continuous improvement.' The answer parameters were scaled from 1 to 5, with 1 indicating 'Do not agree at all,' and 5 indicating 'Strongly agree.' The definitive for Teamwork was questions 1-10 on the survey. Teamwork as it correlates to the facility can be holistically described by these parameters, abstracted in order from the survey questions: a developed sense of belonging; harmonious; commitment to team goals; pride; freedom of information; helping one another; knowledge based; total involvement. Teamwork as it correlates to the facility can be holistically described by these parameters, abstracted in order from the survey questions: a developed sense of belonging; harmonious; commitment to team goals; pride; freedom of information; helping one another; knowledge based; total involvement. Teamwork as it correlates to the facility can be holistically described by these parameters, abstracted in order from the survey questions: a developed sense of belonging; harmonious; commitment to team goals; pride; freedom of information; helping one another; knowledge based; total involvement. In regards to measurement, the participants gauging of the establishment were approached with these abstracted concerns, voiced in a positive approach towards both internal and external suppliers: performance standards; systems of measurement; internal performance standards; tracking improvements; awareness of cost and work; quality of product and service; quality of process; potential of improvement; reliance on data for improvement. The answer parameters were scaled from 1 to 5, with 1 indicating 'Do not agree at all,' and 5 indicating 'Strongly agree.' Organizational Improvement Data Analysis Table 1 shows the dispersed quantitative responses of all participants. Table 2: Data Analysis shows the average, median, mode, standard deviation and variance between all test dimensions. The average measures the mean; this is used to describe the intermediate values across the boards. The median defines the midpoint in the series of responses, and the mode is used to note the most commonly occurring value. Standard deviation measures the spread of the test scores; this is used to define the difference average difference in the data set, and is the square root of the variance. Variance measures the dispersion of the test scores as the average squared deviations from the mean. The data analysis uses a 0.05 significance level to gauge the probability of rejection with the sample size and standard deviation to signify the confidence intervals for east dimension. Table 2: Data

Wal-Mart Business Strategy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wal-Mart Business Strategy Analysis - Essay Example Wal-Mart draws its competitive edge in the market owning to its efficient supply chain management. The company has effectively used innovations and technology to generate efficiency in supply chain management that has helped it to fuel its highly acclaimed EDLP (Every Day Low Price) strategy. Behind this successful strategy lies technological innovations like cross docking and use of Enterprise Resource Planning to integrate various business units and generate cost effectiveness. The use of real time information system to forecast demand has helped Wal-Mart to ensure that demand forecasting is done on the basis of real time data. Wal-Mart has also integrated its suppliers with the system and also used the famous cross docking system to ensure reduced inventory carrying costs. The supply chain management of the company has helped ensure that there are no overstocking or stock outs. This has reduced the inventory carrying costs by a huge margin. The cost benefits gathered from the inve ntory management of the company has been used to fuel the company’s Every Day Low Price strategy (Bergdahl, 2008, p.20). However in recent times there have been numerous issues with regards to the company’s cost reduction strategy with reports that Wal-Mart sources low quality goods from third world countries so as to have goods with low price. In order to counter the latest bashings regarding the company, Wal-Mart initiated a slew of measures that ranged from measures to improve the social image of the organization.... This has reduced the inventory carrying costs by a huge margin. The cost benefits gathered from the inventory management of the company has been used to fuel the company’s Every Day Low Price strategy (Bergdahl, 2008, p.20). However in recent times there have been numerous issues with regards to the company’s cost reduction strategy with reports that Wal-Mart sources low quality goods from third world countries so as to have goods with low price. In order to counter the latest bashings regarding the company, Wal-Mart initiated a slew of measures that ranged from measures to improve the social image of the organization as well as promoting employee friendly policies that would have helped it to position its image as a socially responsible and employee friendly organization. In response to the bashings in various quarters, Wal-Mart increased the employee insurance cover for the employees and included both permanent as well as contractual staff. It also revamped its reward and incentive policies in order to project the company as an employee friendly organization caring towards the needs of the employees. Wal-Mart also initiated some community development programs such as eliminating wastage and use of recyclable products in order to showcase its environmental sustainability; it also planned means to reduce energy consumption. For the customers, the company initiated a new design for its stores and also came up with attractive offers and new discounts in order to project a customer friendly image of the company. Strict quality control standards were implemented for suppliers including use of eco friendly ways in their business processes. In addition to this Wal-Mart also took up measures in which it would work closely with their suppliers in order to

Corporate Social Responsibility Literature review

Corporate Social Responsibility - Literature review Example This is what is now termed at Corporate Social Responsibility – an organization’s sense of responsibility to society, whether ecological, economical or social. (Schermerhorn 2010) The term ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ was coined way back in 1953 by Howard R Bowen in his book ‘Social Responsibilities of the Businessman’. He may as well be considered the Father of Corporate Social Responsibility. (Mhatre 2010) According to the Financial Times Lexicon, Corporate Social Responsibility is a business approach that delivers benefits in threefold – economic, social and environmental, to all the stakeholders and as a result leads to sustainable development. (lexicon.ft.com) Corporate Social Responsibility covers a gamut of activities ranging from human rights and working conditions to environmental health and development of the economy. While Corporate Social Responsibility was initially just considered a fancy term for generosity, times hav e now changed. Globalization and the ensuing awareness about the deteriorating environment and other social and economic issues around the world have ensured that there is a space for more responsibility that rests with every organization. Whether it is social and economic issues such as poverty and lack of education for children in certain areas of the world or environmental issues such as global warming and the increased carbon footprint, every organization today is now expected to focus on a certain cause and give back to the community. It is not just about generosity or being charitable. It is about a more united world – one wherein organizations are making returns. So why not support those that do not have access to so many privileges? And why not take care of the environment we live in? This is the role that CSR plays today in the daily functioning of an organization. Spreading awareness and the word that there is a need for organizations with power and resources to hel p those who need it, and the environment we live in, for the benefit of one and all. Hay, Stavens and Vietor (2005) summarise the meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility in their book Environmental Protection and the Social Responsibility of Firms. According to them, CSR is â€Å"a consistent pattern in which private firms do more than they are required to, based on laws and regulations governing the environment, worker safety and health and financial contributions in the communities in which they operate.† (Hay, Stavens and Vietor 2005) This definition is perhaps the most comprehensive, expressing not only the variety of functions of Corporate Social Responsibility but also stressing on the fact that the organizations do more than they are just required to. Lord Holme and Richard Watts further adds to this perspective by stating, â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large† (qtd. in Baker 2005). CSR has become a very integral part of every organization large or small, private or public. Schilling and Steensma (2001) is of the opinion that it shows to the public that the organizations are not just ruthless entities that function to make a fatter bottom line, but that they are also humans at the end of the day who care about others and the environmen

Comapre and contrast maslow needs hierarchy and equity theory, also Essay

Comapre and contrast maslow needs hierarchy and equity theory, also evaluate why organizational studies are important in contemp - Essay Example Maslow’s hierarchies of needs starts with physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs and ultimately self-actualization needs (Brown, 2007). According to the theory, the management will motivate the employees through enabling them achieve their needs according to the order. The lower-order needs include safety, social needs and job security while the higher-order needs include recognition, self-esteem and self-actualisation attained through personal and professional growth. On the other hand, equity theory of motivation asserts that employees are motivated if they perceive that they are treated fairly (Knights & Willmott, 2007). Equity theory involves the perceptions of outcomes of performing the duties such as the salary levels, the perceptions of inputs and reference person that enables the employee to compare the outcomes and inputs in order to determine whether the existing job is equitable or inequitable. The employees will respond to perceived in equities by changing the work inputs, changing the situation or demanding more rewards. In this case, overpaid employees will experience feelings of guilt while underpaid employees will experience anger (Brown, 2007). ... ory aims at enabling the management to identity the needs of employees in order to ensure their perceived job outcomes are aligned with the inputs (Knights & Willmott, 2007). Question 2 Organizational studies are important in contemporary business since the competitive edge of the business depends on the quality of people skills, structure, and social relations in the organisation (Smith, 1992). The studies examine how individuals and groups within the organisation construct processes and structures and how these structures and processes ultimately motivate employees towards high achievement. Organizational studies identify managerial and leadership approaches that fosters interpersonal relationships and contribute to high job satisfaction in the workplace (Brown, 2007). These studies enable business managers to articulate the mission, shared vision and strategy to the employees in all communications (Martin, 2001). Contemporary business environment is characterized by frequent chang es in external environment variables such as new technologies, new legislations and shifts in consumption patterns thus organizational studies will enable the managers to align their business vision and strategy to these changes. In this case, managers will be capable of collecting market intelligence information and outlining competitive strategies that aim at attaining the overall business vision (Cole, 2004). Accordingly, the studies will motivate employees through ensuring proper leadership styles that aim at ensuring team work and improving the individual employee performance (Smith, 1992). In this case, modern business must implement transformational leadership practices that consider the unique needs of each employee and that aim at inspiring the efforts of employees towards

THE QUEST FOR FREEDOM Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE QUEST FOR FREEDOM - Thesis Example hand, Douglass’s narrative presents a vivid account of one of the darkest periods in American history, marked with â€Å"lawful† violence and suppression, outrageous cruelty to, and disregard for the human nature of millions of people, whose only fault was the color of their skin. On the other hand, the narrative depicts the bold quest for freedom of a man, born as a chattel, who passed through the whole spectrum of woes and humiliation one would imagine to become an â€Å"American icon† and â€Å"Representative American man† (Stauffer 201). Although Douglass’s quest for freedom was thorny and everlasting, i.e. having continued far beyond the point of achievement of physical freedom, one particular episode in it denotes the actual transformation of the slave into a free man – when a single act of resistance annihilated years of humiliation and century-long collective self-perception of inferiority. Frederick Douglass was born and grew up in slavery; being separated from his mother too early in his life – even before he knew her as his mother – he was unaware about who his father was (Douglass 9). That, in fact, was nothing unwonted in early-nineteenth-century America, especially in the South, where â€Å"the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs†, and more often than not â€Å"before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken from it and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off† (Douglass 10). It had been a common practice by that time slaveholders to have children from slave-women, which engendered the paradox of being both masters and fathers of those children; which probably was the case of Douglass’s coming into the world – â€Å"the whisper that my master was my father may or may not be true† (Douglass 11). Another common occurrence in the South, also established by the law, was that those â€Å"fathers† had the right to and did torture, as well as sell their children to other

Comapre and contrast maslow needs hierarchy and equity theory, also Essay

Comapre and contrast maslow needs hierarchy and equity theory, also evaluate why organizational studies are important in contemp - Essay Example Maslow’s hierarchies of needs starts with physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs and ultimately self-actualization needs (Brown, 2007). According to the theory, the management will motivate the employees through enabling them achieve their needs according to the order. The lower-order needs include safety, social needs and job security while the higher-order needs include recognition, self-esteem and self-actualisation attained through personal and professional growth. On the other hand, equity theory of motivation asserts that employees are motivated if they perceive that they are treated fairly (Knights & Willmott, 2007). Equity theory involves the perceptions of outcomes of performing the duties such as the salary levels, the perceptions of inputs and reference person that enables the employee to compare the outcomes and inputs in order to determine whether the existing job is equitable or inequitable. The employees will respond to perceived in equities by changing the work inputs, changing the situation or demanding more rewards. In this case, overpaid employees will experience feelings of guilt while underpaid employees will experience anger (Brown, 2007). ... ory aims at enabling the management to identity the needs of employees in order to ensure their perceived job outcomes are aligned with the inputs (Knights & Willmott, 2007). Question 2 Organizational studies are important in contemporary business since the competitive edge of the business depends on the quality of people skills, structure, and social relations in the organisation (Smith, 1992). The studies examine how individuals and groups within the organisation construct processes and structures and how these structures and processes ultimately motivate employees towards high achievement. Organizational studies identify managerial and leadership approaches that fosters interpersonal relationships and contribute to high job satisfaction in the workplace (Brown, 2007). These studies enable business managers to articulate the mission, shared vision and strategy to the employees in all communications (Martin, 2001). Contemporary business environment is characterized by frequent chang es in external environment variables such as new technologies, new legislations and shifts in consumption patterns thus organizational studies will enable the managers to align their business vision and strategy to these changes. In this case, managers will be capable of collecting market intelligence information and outlining competitive strategies that aim at attaining the overall business vision (Cole, 2004). Accordingly, the studies will motivate employees through ensuring proper leadership styles that aim at ensuring team work and improving the individual employee performance (Smith, 1992). In this case, modern business must implement transformational leadership practices that consider the unique needs of each employee and that aim at inspiring the efforts of employees towards

Ratio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ratio - Essay Example In the example, this year's quick ratio is 0.4:1, which means that the company's liquid assets are at four tenths of the value of its current liabilities. The company will not be able to pay current debts with its current liquid assets. The debt to net-worth ratio measures how much the company is in debt. This ratio compares what the business owes to what it owns. It is a measure of the company's ability to meet both its creditor and owner obligations in case of liquidation. The formula is: (total debt or liabilities) / (tangible net worth). The company's inventory turnover ratio measures the number of times the inventory is sold out, or "turned over", in a year. This ratio describes whether business inventory is understocked, overstocked, or obsolete. The formula is: (cost of goods sold) / (cost of the average inventory). The company's average collection period ratio describes the average number of days it takes customers to pay bills. The formula is: (days in accounting period) / [(net sales) / (accounts receivable)]. The net-sales to working-capital ratio measures how many dollars in sales the business makes for every dollar of working capital, where working capital = current assets - current liabilities. This ratio tells you how efficiently working capital is being used to generate sales.

Disney Movie Vs History Film Studies Essay

Disney Movie Vs History Film Studies Essay Are all Disney movies, which have the characters from History, have the same story as the actual History. If you ask this question to any historian, they will say, No. to find this out I decided to watch a Disney movie, which is based on history. The name of the movie is Pocahontas. I watched this movie and I realize that this movie has just the name of the characters right, but the story was very different from the actual history, which was interesting, and kept me interested until the end. I bet if the Disney had made this movie with the actual story; it would not be interesting as it was after making changes in the story. I decided to watch this movie, because it was Disneys first animated movie that was based on History among all the animated movies. It had a big success in movie theaters, even though; the story was different from the actual History. I am going to write what was happening in the movie and what actually happened in the history. Pocahontas was Native American. She was a daughter of Powhatan, who was the chief of the Algonquian Indians in 1607 (American Promise, 49). Her real name was Matoaka, which was the nickname of her childhood. As the Native American custom, when she was born, she was sent with her mother to live in her mothers village. When she grew up to be around 5-6 years she lived with her father, and her older brothers and sisters. Among the all children, Pocahontas was her fathers favorite child. She was famous for saving life of Captain John Smith (Pocahontas.org). Pocahontas was the first animated movie of the Disney, which was based on History. Although it had name of the characters from the history, but the story was not the same as it was in actual history. It came out in 1995. Disney movies are famous for fantasy and fairy tales. Disney movies have made many movies based on the history. Most of them movies have the real names from the history but their story is different from the actual his tory in many ways. In Disney movie it starts like this, in 1607, a group of settlers arrived in new world to start new life. Their captains name was John Smith. The journey was tough. They had to go through storm, and person whose name was Thomas and he was drowning and saved by Smith. They were all lucky enough to make to new world. For the meantime, there is a Native American tribe nearby which was led by Powhatan. There is a rumor that his daughter Pocahontas is going to get married with Kocoum, who is a warrior. However, Pocahontas was not interested in Kocoum. Pocahontas does not have many friends but there are some, which from animal world like Hummingbird and Raccoon. They all go to her grandmother and she was a tree that gave Pocahontas advice when she needed. She also tells them a story about the Englishmen. Smith was roaming in the countryside of that area, unlike other settlers, who were afraid to go out. Smith runs into Pocahontas. They both spend some time after that and fell in love. Howe ver, other natives were still fighting the settlers. Therefore, Powhatan orders natives to stay away from the settlers. Pocahontas disobeys her father, she continues to spend the time with smith, and she introduces him to her grandmother (Pocahontas, 1995). This was the story from the movie. In actual history, Captain John Smith arrived in their area. It was 1607 and there were more than hundred people. They build the fort in that area in order to survive from the attacks of the Native Americans. However, in the same year in December when Smith is out for hunting in order to get food to survive, Powhatans warrior captures him and takes him in their area. Powhatan and Smith had a long talk and after that when Powhatan was about to kill Smith, Pocahontas came there and saved Smith by laying herself on Smith while natives were beating smith (American promise, 49). When asked by Powhatan for a reason to save Smiths life, Pocahontas said she did not want any excuse to provoke settlers. Because she knew that settlers are capable of defending themselves, which can be dangerous for the natives in that area. Powhatan arranged for Smith to take him back to the settlement. Powhatan then realized that his daughter did not just saved Smiths life, but she saved lots of peoples life (f ilmprincesses.com). As we all know that Disney movies are incomplete without bad character. In this movie bad character is Kocoum; he started to spy on Smith and Pocahontas. Kocoum also tries to attack them but he failed because Thomas was around that area, when he saw that Kocoum is going to attack on them he kills him. When Powhatan came to know about them he declares war with the settlers. He plans to kill Smith at sunrise. When Thomas came to know about was he goes to the settlers and warns them. Another Captain whose name was Ratcliffe think that natives are hiding the gold, and they are trying to protect it from us, therefore, they declared the war. Ratcliffe and some of the settlers decided to go in natives place and get all the gold. Once again Pocahontas manages to save Smith from her father. At the same time, Ratcliffe shows up and he intended to shoot chief but the bullet hit Smith. Smith was not dead on the spot but it was not clear whether he would be able to live with the love of his life or not (Pocahontas, 1995). In actual history, after saving Smith, Pocahontas would regularly go to settlement and play with English boys. Colonist did not have enough food and they all were starving in the first winter. They cloud not even grow their food because it was so cold that growing own food was just not possible. Pocahontas regularly went to visit and taking the food along for some of her friends. She saved many lives in that first winter which known as, Starving Time (Pocahontas.org). When more ships arrived at Jamestown, Smith went to Powhatan to negotiate to sell him the land of Powhatan. Some Whiteman misbehaved and Natives thought they were dangerous. Smith tried to make a peace but he failed. He got badly injured in a explosion of gunpowder. Nobody knew if he would be able to live or not. There was rumors about Smith, which said he was dead, some said, he sailed away in one of the ship returning to Europe. Pocahontas knew that he was not there, and there was emptiness in her life. She was hoping that Smith would return( Pocahontas and Her World 60-61). In the movie, Disney has changed all the characteristics of Pocahontas and Smith, they made her look very cute, and Smith was handsome person, which was very different in actual history. In movie, audience can see a little affection between Pocahontas and Smith despite of having age difference, Smith was twice as her age. Pocahontas was about 13 years old and Smith was around 29 years (American Promise, 49). All Disney movies have this element in them. One more element that is common in all Disney movies is a man who can do anything for the love of his life, in this movie; man was Smith who could do anything for Pocahontas, love of his life. This movie had many elements, which were remarkable, for example, the animation, and the expression of the characters. Pocahontas was shown in movie talking with the mice and kissing the dogs. At one point where Powhatan is about to kill Smith, Pocahontas runs to save his life, and says, I love him, Father, and lays herself on Smith. But, we all know that is not the real story. She did not say that in real life, but she did saved Smiths life in order to avoid problems with the settlers. In the movie, we show Captain Ratcliffe as a villain, but in real life, Ratcliffe had nothing to do with Pocahontas. Finally, in conclusion, we can all say that this movie had the characterization right but they changed the story, which made the movie from fictional from the Historical characters. This movie mostly attracts the children who like animated movie and this movie has all the elements that children like to watch. However, this can have a big impact on their mind, because if they do not know what happened in actual history, than they may think that what they saw in the movie was true. Sometimes this kind of movies can be humiliating to the culture. After watching this movie, children may think that the colonial life was very easy and happy, even though we all know how the conditions were like during the colonial life. I personally think that Disney should make the movie, which is based on history with the real story, so children can also learn the truth about our history.

Geoffrey Chaucer :: Biographies Biography Essays

Geoffrey Chaucer ...I think some of Chaucer belongs to his time and that much of that time is dead, extinct, and never to be made alive again. What was alive in it, lives through him..._ --John Masefield Geoffrey Chaucer's world was the Europe of the fourteenth century. It was neither rich or poor, happy nor sad. Rather, it was the intermingling of these, a mixture of splendor and poverty, displaying both worldly desire and spiritual purity. Chaucer's travels through it, mostly on  ¦the King ¦s business,_ or civil service, shaped his writing, offering the readers of today a brief glimpse into the world in which he lived. Chaucer lived from approximately AD 1340 to 1400. The world in which he lived was not one of peace or stability. Born the son of a London vintner, he remained a Londoner for most of the rest of his life, leaving the city only on  ¦the King ¦s business_. The city of London was thus Chaucer ¦s environment for most of his life. Aside from brief visits into other countries or areas of England, he remained in the city, and it ¦s affects on his writing was immense. London of that time was not the London of today. It was a walled city, guarded against invasion, but long enough time had passed since such a threat had approached that the defenses had loosened. Houses perched upon the walls, and Chaucer in fact, lived for a time in a house built over Aldgate, (one of the gates of the city). London was a city less than three-quarters of a square mile in size: It ran east and west along the Thames less than one and a half miles, and extended northwards less than half a mile. Over 20,000 people were packed into this small area; the diversity of the inhabitants was overwhelming. Londoners ranged from wealthy to impoverished, from small to large, from shoemaker to blacksmith to minstrel to priest. The city was thus fairly close. Stone building mingled with tile, wood, and thatch. While the major streets were fairly wide, small shops and stands often spread out into the road, effectively narrowing it by up to half it ¦s width. London Bridge (the only bridge in the city) was home to a multitude of homes and shops, perched on top of the span to conserve space. Waste was disposed of simply. It was emptied out the windows into the alley or street and slaughtering was done in he streets as well, with scraps being tossed underfoot.

Anatomy of an Interview :: Interviewing Job Workforce Essays

According to Professor G.J. of Texas Tech University, "a productive interview is much like a good conversation, questions are asked to elicit more than a yes or no answer" ("Interviewing"). In an interview there are certain criteria to be addressed. This criteria includes, the purpose, the collection of data or evidence, and the concluding thoughts on the subject. The "Interview with the Luddite," between Kevin Kelly and Kirkpatrick Sale demonstrate the basic principles of interviewing. Kevin Kelly is the author of Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-biological Civilization (1994). Kirkpatrick Sale is the author of Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution-Lessons for the Computer Age (1995). Their discussion or disagreement on the subject of technology expresses the issues raised on both sides of the topic. Both men divulge their opinions as well as what they view as evidence to support their claims. Analysis of the interview involves the concepts of tone and fallacy. The definition of tone is: "a particular vocal quality that indicates some emotion or feeling, an accent, inflection, or intonation" (Webster's 1984). A fallacy, according to Webster's Dictionary, is: "A statement or argument based on a false or invalid inference." These two subtle parts influence the entire interview. The interaction and inverse relationship between tone and fallacy can sway the direction of an interview. Kelly creates the initial tone of the interview. By asking the first question, he sets the environment for Sale to respond. In the interview between Kelly and Sale, Kelly opens the discussion with the fallacy of loaded language. He asks Sale, "Other than arson and a lot of vandalism, what did the Luddites accomplish in the long run?" (243). The words "arson" and "vandalism" force Sale to be on defense right from the beginning. Sale realizes this and answers Kelly with the fallacy, Post Hoc; inferring that since one event occurs after another, it must be the cause of the second event. He argues that because "technosphere" interferes with the "biosphere" that it must be "destroying the biosphere" (244). These two examples demonstrate how tone of the interview is set. After both men raise their side's flag, they automatically assume that the rest of the interview will be an offense/defense interchange. The purpose of this interview is to raise the issue of technology and address it from both sides of the topic. In simplified terms, Kelly is for technology, while Sale is against technology. Anatomy of an Interview :: Interviewing Job Workforce Essays According to Professor G.J. of Texas Tech University, "a productive interview is much like a good conversation, questions are asked to elicit more than a yes or no answer" ("Interviewing"). In an interview there are certain criteria to be addressed. This criteria includes, the purpose, the collection of data or evidence, and the concluding thoughts on the subject. The "Interview with the Luddite," between Kevin Kelly and Kirkpatrick Sale demonstrate the basic principles of interviewing. Kevin Kelly is the author of Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-biological Civilization (1994). Kirkpatrick Sale is the author of Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution-Lessons for the Computer Age (1995). Their discussion or disagreement on the subject of technology expresses the issues raised on both sides of the topic. Both men divulge their opinions as well as what they view as evidence to support their claims. Analysis of the interview involves the concepts of tone and fallacy. The definition of tone is: "a particular vocal quality that indicates some emotion or feeling, an accent, inflection, or intonation" (Webster's 1984). A fallacy, according to Webster's Dictionary, is: "A statement or argument based on a false or invalid inference." These two subtle parts influence the entire interview. The interaction and inverse relationship between tone and fallacy can sway the direction of an interview. Kelly creates the initial tone of the interview. By asking the first question, he sets the environment for Sale to respond. In the interview between Kelly and Sale, Kelly opens the discussion with the fallacy of loaded language. He asks Sale, "Other than arson and a lot of vandalism, what did the Luddites accomplish in the long run?" (243). The words "arson" and "vandalism" force Sale to be on defense right from the beginning. Sale realizes this and answers Kelly with the fallacy, Post Hoc; inferring that since one event occurs after another, it must be the cause of the second event. He argues that because "technosphere" interferes with the "biosphere" that it must be "destroying the biosphere" (244). These two examples demonstrate how tone of the interview is set. After both men raise their side's flag, they automatically assume that the rest of the interview will be an offense/defense interchange. The purpose of this interview is to raise the issue of technology and address it from both sides of the topic. In simplified terms, Kelly is for technology, while Sale is against technology.

Analysis of ‘Ceremony’ By Leslie Marmon Silko Essay

If Native American community adopts the ethics of white traditions that regards them as less than human being, they begin to look down on themselves. In ‘Ceremony’ Leslie Marmon Silko visibly represents this dual bind sociology called internalized domination. ‘Ceremony’ is one of the most reflective and touching works of Native American literature, a story that is itself a ceremony of curative. Tayo, a World War II experienced person of combined lineage, comes back to the Laguna Pueblo stipulation. He is intensely frightened by his experience as a hostage of the Japanese and later offended by the negative response he came across from his community. Only by throwing himself in the Indian past can he can set in motion to get back the harmony that was taken away from him. Masterfully written, full of sober magnificence of Pueblo saga, ‘Ceremony’ is a use of lasting power. ‘Ceremony’ deals with the gender roles of three women are significant to the development of a character named Tayo who is half-white and half-Indian. These three women are Tayo’s birth mother, Auntie, and Old Grandma. His mother left him when he was four years old and that began his sense of emptiness and abandonment. She could not bear to raise a child that brought the reservation shame by her mistake. Auntie raised Tayo and was the mother figure he lacked. She had no problem accepting to take him, but only to conceal the shame of her younger sister. Auntie was always hesitant toward Tayo as he was not her real son and was also a half-breed. For Tayo, this only added to his feeling of displacement and emptiness. She would give her affection and attention to her real son Rocky, but would let Tayo just sit there alone. After the war Auntie nursed him because he was all she had left after Rocky got killed. He would wake up crying after dreaming about how much Josiah had loved him and always hugged him when he was a little child. Now he realized that there was no place left for him and he would never find peace. Auntie may have been a mother figure to him, but to Tayo she was just someone who looked after him. Old Grandma, unlike Auntie, does accept Tayo and wants what is best for him. When Auntie rejected the idea of a medicine doctor because he’s not full blood, Old Grandma got angry and said that he was her grandson and why should she care what they say anyway. She has been around for many years and doesn’t worry about what other people will say about Tayo or about their family. The significance of Montano to the novel, Ceremony is very powerful and vital to the recovery of Tayo. She lives up in the rim rock and is in touch with the earth and her surroundings in every way. Being torn between the white world and the Indian world is what leaves Tayo feeling invisible and hollow inside. Montano helps him to become more in touch with his Indian side and to feel the strength and power from the earth. She teaches him the importance of certain plants, flowers, and ceremonies and how they are significant to Indian culture and survival. Tayo falls in love with her, and through his love, he begins to feel alive again. He realizes that he does have a place and that he is not invisible to everyone and to his surroundings. When he is not with her, instead of the nightmares, she fills his dreams. He woke up one night and thought about the overpowering love he felt for her. He shed tears filled his eyes and the ache in his throat ran deep into his chest. Tayo no longer feels like a walking shadow, but finally a real person with feelings and emotions. It is through Montano that he discovers himself and ultimately is able to deal with being a half-breed in a changing world. When she finally leaves him, he is able to go on living and remembering all that she taught him. Conclusion: I really enjoyed this story. It was a great portrayal of how family might mistreat you just because you are a little different than them. Sometimes people can’t deal with the fact that a family member is only half of the race that they are. I would definitely recommend this book to others, especially to anyone who feels that they are secluded and have no friends just because they are bi-racial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In ‘Ceremony’, the main character, ‘Tayo’ have to come to terms with himself and his near environment upon his come back from World War II. He is distressed from a sort of post disturbing anxiety disorder which has affected him bodily as well as psychologically due to the fact that he has lived as a prisoner of war in Japan. As a result, he must deal with all of the terrible memories when he comes back to stay with his family on the Laguna Pueblo reservation in New Mexico. To complex his problems, Tayo is half Native American and half Caucasian, so he should also deal with the extra pressures of the double culture. He is torn between the Native American world and the white world, and is unable to feel a secure refuge or belonging. Tayo’s friends and family think that they know the personality of and cure for Tayo’s sickness and depression; though it is only the Native American formal procedures which will really help him. He needs to observe the junction of life and actually realize the cyclical nature of his feelings and measures that he has faced. With the help and good judgment of Old Betonie, Tayo ultimately finds harmony in the Native American ceremonial even surrounded by all of the contradictions currently in America. In Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko exposes the many contradictions present in America today. Be it the government’s policies concerning Native Americans, the American model of courage, or the history which the children study in their classrooms, America is full of sarcasm and paradoxes. These inconsistencies do not in any way cut down the magnificence of America as a country, but to a certain extent serve to remind its people that we do not at all times keep in mind those who helped us turn out to be what we are at present. Silko’s novel is a legendary reminder for Americans to recognize our first true nationalized custom and keep in mind that the Native American tradition is still alive and well today. Silko has demonstrated that America has made blunders in the history, but undoubtedly has the power to put right those mistakes today. References Silko M, Leslie â€Å"Ceremony† Publisher: Penguin (Non-Classics); Rep edition (March 4, 1986). ISBN-13: 978-0140086836

Work harrastment

In this article It talks about work harassment. Safe working environment Is very Important to achieve strong Industrial relationship and productive. To achieve such a working environment, it is important to ensure that the workplace is free from all forms of discrimination, including harassment. Everyone in the workplace can be very vulnerable to various forms of harassment, including sexual harassment and intimidation. Any and all forms of harassment in the workplace will be detrimental to all parties.For workers, It can lead to deterioration of performance, which in turn oppresses the level of productivity and affect the welfare of all workers and their families. Employee turnover rate Increases and low productivity have the potential to affect the economic competitiveness of the factories concerned. Harassment in garment factories has been highlighted as raising concerns by international activists and appears on the main headlines in the international media.Violations as well as r umors about various issues of workplace harassment can have a serious impact on the relationship between plant and International buyers are aware of the reputation. That Is what concerns us together to create a positive working environment through the prevention of workplace harassment. Nevertheless, reports of harassment in the workplace remains scattered wide. In particular, many cases of workplace harassment that seems to happen in the garment industry.This is probably caused by a variety of reasons, such as the presence of the number of young working women in large numbers, the inexperienced, and come from rural areas under the supervision of a small number men, high levels of production pressure and disciplinary practices nuanced violence. There are several ways to prevent sexual reassessment in the work place, such as: 1 . Communication: colonization of the guidelines through, for example, Bipartite Cooperation, Tripartite Cooperation Institution, and a variety of print and el ectronic media 2.Education: organizing orientation programs and the introduction of the staff, religious lectures, or special events such as events that have been programmed. 3. Training: provide specific training for supervisors and managers to recognize the problems that exist In the workplace and develop a diverse strategy for prevention: establish Harassment Settlement Response Team. 4. Encourage companies to implement workplace reassessment prevention, 5. Including taking disciplinary action in the form of: Company Policies Employment Agreements / Company / Collective Bargaining Agreement Dissemination of policies and mechanisms preventing harassment to all employees and supervisors are important. In order to meet all the need for communication, the employer must establish a program in which employees and supervisors can get educated about abuse. So in the end, all parties must have a heightened awareness of sharing how to create a productive work environment that Is free from harassment.The central government and local governments should ensure that all many policies regarding harassment for large, medium, small and accessible and available to all employers. In the meantime, employers should provide information about abuse in orientation programs, as well as education and training for workers. The union should also include information about harassment in educational programs and training for its members. Article 2 Article two is talking about Corporate Social Responsibility, it states clearly in the title of the article.CARS or corporate social responsibility recently becomes a prominent issue among national and multinational business. The program is intended as the company's efforts to participate in the process of sustainable development in which there is expected to be a balance between the company and the social environment in the place or society it operates. Social and environmental issues are considered so seriously that causes urge to the interna tional world for corporate social responsibility.Examples responsibilities can be furious, ranging from activities that can improve the welfare of society and the improvement of the environment, provision of scholarships for children that not able to pay for school, the provision of ends for the maintenance of public facilities, donations to the village / community facilities that are social and useful for many people, especially people who are around the company is located. Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) is the phenomenon of corporate strategies that accommodate the needs and interests of its stakeholders.CARS arises from the era in which awareness of the long-term sustainability of the company is more important than profitability. From the article I can say that in today's world, Corporate Social Responsibility is very important to the company. In the article it says that â€Å"Research conducted by Cone Millennial Cause group, detailed in The 2020 Workplace found that 80 % of a sample of 1,800 13-25 year olds wanted to work for a company that cares about how it impacts and contributes to society. More than half said they would refuse to work for an irresponsible corporation.What's more, according to research conducted in The 2020 Workplace, by the year 2020, Millennial will be 50% of the workforce. † This Corporate Social Responsibility can be advantages value for the company, they can easily persuade more good employees to work with the company, also they can easily locate ND people will feel no worry about their home's environment when the company operates. The company can use the media boom to communicate their CARS efforts to the society. However, CARS becomes a common practice among companies that nowadays people pay less attention to it.There are some tips that companies can do in order to implement CARS effectively. Use CARS to boost employee engagement is the first tip, Implementing Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) is important t o either requiting new employees and maintaining the existing workers in the company, ninety six percent (96%) of the employees agreed that being able to contribute to a cause while employee is work improve employee's commitment and level of engagement to employee's core Job function and to the company. The second tip will be to utilize CARS as a medium to enhance global aptitudes.In the company, engagement can make employees more happy and productive, but in the research, employee's contribution to Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) teaches workers valuable new skills that they bring back to their regular roles for the company, which gives company more benefits. Maximize company's investment in CARS by leveraging all forms of social media will be last tip, today's Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) s no longer corporate philanthropy but it is strategic investment for the organization and it needs to be communicated with all company's stakeholders such as investors, employee s, and customers.CARS must become part of company's recruitment strategy to attract top talent. Article 3 In the article 3, it talks about employee abuse, in American employee abuse percentage is rising from time to time, no longer are workers respected and treated as human beings. Even those most educated and skilled are treated in the bad way. Quite surprising that twenty percent of the employees admit that they work actually bootable by their manager, bullying in the work place begins to be a common and thirty seven percent of the worker have experienced it.Over 50% of employers admitted to incidents of workplace bullying with 25% of all HER employees admitting to being bullied themselves. What more surprising is, research finds that are more technically skilled than their bullies, Bully bosses steal credit from skilled targets. Policy to prevent workplace violence: 1 . Zero tolerance The company follows a policy of zero tolerance for violence. If workers do any form of workplace violence, or threatening violence in the workplace, then workers can immediately dismissed. There is no tolerance for talk of violence or Joking about violence. Violence† includes physically hurt on someone, pressing, pushing, harass, intimidate, coerce, brandishing weapons, and threatening or told to do all the activities mentioned above. The purpose of this policy is to ensure that anyone associated with this business, including employees and customers, never felt threatened by actions or deeds any employee. 2. Safety measures in the workplace In an effort to meet the commitment to create a safe working environment for employees, customers and visitors, there are some simple rules that have been published.The rules are: Access to the property is restricted only to those companies who have a legitimate business interest. All employees and employee vehicles entering the property must show company identification. All visitors and vehicles and visitors must report to show ident ification while on the property. 3. All weapons are prohibited Company specifically prohibits the mastery of weapons by any employee while on company property. This ban includes keeping or carrying a weapon in a vehicle in the parking lot, both public and private parking.Employees are also prohibited from arraying weapons while providing services to companies outside of the building and the company page. Weapon in question including firearms, knives, explosives, and other objects that could potentially cause harm. Appropriate disciplinary action, up to and including termination, will be taken against employees who violate this policy. 4. Report abuse Prevent violence in the workplace is everyone's business in the workplace. You can help report what you see in the workplace that could indicate that your teammates are in trouble.You are in a better position than management in terms of knowing hat happens to those who work with you. 5. Examination Desks, phones, and computers are the b usiness property. We reserve the right to enter or inspect your work environment, including but not limited to, desks and computer data storage disks, with or without notice. Fax machine, copier, and a system of correspondence, including email, only intended for business use. Private business should not be run through the system.